小倉百人一首 短歌解説(3) |
解説・翻訳:宿谷睦夫 英文添削:ブルース・ワイマン 監修:ボイエ・ラファイエット・デイ・メンテ |
Commentary by Mutsuo Shukuya Post No. 3 I noted in Posts 1 and 2 that there are several aspects of composition used in Fujiwara's collection. One of them is to praise the most prosperous period of the Imperial Family both in name and reality. And furthermore, I explained this by introducing tanka which illustrate it. That is to say, the tanka in this Collection began with those of Emperors Tenchi and Jito in post (1) and I introduced several tanka in post (2) to the readers. These tanka were composed under the standard concept of composing aesthetic tanka, which I discussed above, and they express the pleasure and grave attitude towards the restoration of authority in the Imperial Palace. This time I would like to introduce poems by Mitsune Oshikochi 029 (859?-925?), Korenori Sakanoue 031 (?-930), Tomonori Kino 033 (845?-907), Tsurayuki Kino 035 (868?-945), Fukayafu Kiyohara 036 (?-930-?), which all appeared in the anthology, Kokin (905), and were composed under the standard concept of composing aesthetic tanka, which I discussed above, expressing the pleasure and grave attitude towards the restoration of authority to the Imperial Palace. By the way, this anthology, Kokin (905) was the first of eight anthologies compiled more than 250 years before Manyoshu (759). It was compiled by such poets as Tsurayuki Kino (868?-945), Tomonori Kino (845?-907), Tadamine Mibu (?-907-?)and Mitsune Oshikochi (859?-925?) by order of Emperor Daigo (the 60th, term 897-930). 029 Mitsune Oshikochi (859?-925?) Ko ko ro a te ni wo ra ba ya wo ra mu ha tsu shi mo no o ki ma do wa se ru shi ra gi ku no ha na I'd like to pick one of these fine chrysanthemums flowering so white so I'd never part from it, but in vain because of frost. References: (7) Tanka in July (2000)平成12年 (9) Tanka in September(20003)平成15年 In this poem, he tries to pick one of the fine chrysanthemums flowering in his garden but was not able to do so because they were flowering as white as the frost which covered his garden, and he mistakes the flowers for the first frost. He tries to show us his impression of how white the first frost is in his garden. That is, he uses a technique called "Mitate" - "metaphor" or "simile": frost is used as a metaphor for chrysanthemums as well as a contrast to them. But a poet of the Meiji Period, Shiki Masaoka (1867-1902) claimed that this tanka is not suitable as an example of excellence because it is impossible for anyone to mistake the white of chrysanthemums flowering for frost. So, Shiki Masaoka declared that the technique called "Mitate" - "metaphor" or "simile" which Mitsune Oshikochi used is a false device of tanka composition. I would like to explain the Mitate "metaphor" or "simile" technique from my lecture, (9) Tanka in September(2003) of "Classical Tanka Composition" referring to tanka by Shunzei Fujiwara (1114-1204) and Tomonori Kino(845?-907). Shunzei Fujiwara(1114-1204) The chrysanthemums flowering along the shore, where the waterfowl come together, are so white that I take them for the frost. Tomonori Kino (845?-907) Whenever I wait for my love watching flowers, the chrysanthemums, I often mistake them for the sleeves of clothes my love wears. Both authors, Shunzei Fujiwara and Kino Tomonori, use the same technique, "metaphor": the former uses the frost on waterfowl as a metaphor for chrysanthemums and the latter uses sleeves as a metaphor. Both these tanka must also use a false device of tanka composition for poet Shiki Masaoka, who tried to apply the rules above to all the tanka in the anthology, Kokin. In ancient Japan, chrysanthemum viewing parties during which people drank sake from goblets in which they floated some of the petals, as well as viewing them, was held on 9th September every year at the Imperial Palace as one event of "The Chrysanthemum Festival". On those occasions people would compose tanka wishing for or celebrating the long lives of the Emperor and others. That is, the chrysanthemum was then appreciated only during the first part of September, whereas now days we can view it all the time. So, twelve tanka on this theme, including the following one by Mitsune Oshikochi, appear in the Kokin-shu. As mentioned above, most poets in Kokin composed tanka under the theory "Kokin-denjyu" or the code of tanka composition, so sometimes their tanka are quite different from real phenomena. For example, most poets in Kokin composed tanka on the theme of the plum blossoms referring to warblers. I explained this in my lecture, Junior course II of "Classical Tanka composition". "Kokin-denjyu", or the code of tanka composition in Kokin, descended from the poet and compiler of Kokin, Tsurayuki Kino, to his disciples, such as Shunzei and Teika Fujiwara who completed the code. For example, when one composes tanka on the theme, "Ume", only warblers have been connected with them, as in the following tanka, although many birds actually visit them. Hitomaro Kakinomoto (660?-720?) All around the hill covered with plum blossoms, where my small cottage stands, lovely warblers sing their songs telling me of my fortune. References: [III] Themes for tanka composition(1) (Junior course I) (7) Tanka in July (2000) [VI]Themes for tanka composition (4) (Intermediate course I) (9) Tanka in September(2003) That is to say, the poet Shiki Masaoka misunderstood the standard concepts for composing aesthetic tanka which I discussed in my lecture, "Classical Tanka Composition." In those days "Kokin-denjyu," or the code of tanka composition, was allowed to be taught only to the Imperial Family and court nobles. Most poets were not allowed to learn to compose tanka under this code. As mentioned in the preface of my lecture, "Classical Tanka Composition", it was not until 1980 that "Kokin-denjyu" was allowed to be taught to other poets, beyond the Imperial Family and court nobles. So, I tried to open this code on the Web with the help of the Mordern poet, Michihiro Kuromichi. That is to say, I opened my lecture, "Classical Tanka Composition", in which I explain this code in detail on 22 February 2010. There is an excellent author who is able to truly appreciate the tanka poetry in the anthology, Kokin, and understand the concept of potential sprit, which exist in the words or phrases in each tanka. He is Makoto Ooka (1931-), who wrote the essay, "Kotoba no Chikara" or 'The power of the words'. I would like to recommend that you read his original essay directly. 031 Korenori Sakanoue(?-930) A sa bo ra ke a ri a ke no tsu ki to mi ru ma de ni Yo shi no no sa to ni fu re ru shi ra yu ki When I look around all of Yoshino village just around daybreak, the snow falls upon the field as if the moonlight glittered. References: (12) Tanka in December(20002)平成14年 (12) Tanka in December(2004)平成16年 In this tanka, the author tries to express how the snowfall on the fields of Yoshino village brighten so much that he mistakes them for moonlight which glitters around. That is, he uses the moonlight as a metaphor for snowfall as well as contrasting with it. Yoshino village is said to be famous for the beauty of its cherry blossoms in full bloom in spring and its snowfall in winter. So, this tanka is also a typical example of the excellent poetry composed under the standard concept of composing aesthetic tanka. 033 Tomonori Kino (845?-907) Hi sa ka ta no hi ka ri no do ke ki ha ru no hi ni shi zu ko ko ro na ku ha na no chi ru na mu Why in such hurry have cherry blossoms fallen on this day in spring when the sun shines so brightly with the calm breeze fluttering? References:(2) What is tanka? (8) Tanka in August (2000)平成12年 (3)Tanka in March(20003)平成15年 In this tanka, the author tries to express how the cherry blossoms have so quickly fallen on a spring day when the sun shines so brightly and the calm breeze flutters, even though he wants them linger much longer in full bloom. He asks the cherry blossoms to linger much longer as if they were human beings. This technique of tanka composition is called "Gijin-ho" or 'personification,' which I have mentioned before. Furthermore, he uses another technique of tanka composition is called "Makura-kotoba" or 'A poetic epithet used as a modifier of particular words.' In this tanka, the word, "Hisakatano" is used as a modifier of the word, "Hikari" or 'sunlight.' In this Japanese version, readers enjoy and appreciate how elegantly and deeply a word such as "hisakatano" serves as a poetic epithet. So, this tanka is also a typical example of excellent poetry composed under the standard concept of composing aesthetic tanka. 035Tsurayuki Kino(868?-945) Hi to wa i sa ko ko ro mo shi ra zu fu ru sa to wa ha na zo mu ka shi no ka ni ni ho hi ke ru As cherry blossoms smell fragrant year after year without fail in spring they are in bloom this year, too in my own parents' home town. Reference:(2) What is tanka? In this tanka, the author tries to express how only cherry blossoms in full bloom welcomed him when he visited his native village where his parents lived, enjoying the fragrance year after year without fail in spring, even though his neighbors didn't welcome him. On the other hand, there is a tanka composed by a famous poet, Michizane Sugawara (845-903) who left his hometown, Kyoto, for Dazaifu in Kyushu. In the following tanka, he tried to express how he hopes the plum blossoms will be in bloom without fail when the breeze flutters in spring even if he is not there. I'd like to hope you, the plum blossoms are in bloom without fail in spring in my own parents' hometown even if I am not there. In these tanka, the technique of tanka composition is called "Gijin-ho" or 'personification' is also used again. The former author asks the cherry blossoms to linger much longer as if they were human beings. The latter one asks the plum blossoms to be in bloom without fail when the breeze flutters in spring. 036 Fukayafu Kiyohara(?-930-?) Na tsu no yo wa ma da yo hi na ga ra a ke nu ru wo ku mo no i zu ko ni tsu ki ya do ru ra mu The day seems to break despite the shortness of this summer night and I wonder how the moon has passed behind the clouds this evening. In this tanka, the author tries to express how short the summer night is to search around for the moon which hides behind clouds in the sky even when the day is breaking. Of course, he seems to have continued watching the moon as long as he could. This time, I have shown some typical tanka composed under the standard concept of composing aesthetic tanka. These tanka are all composed by poets who lived during the term of the 56th Emperor, Seiwa(858? - 876)and the 61th Emperor, Sujyaku(930? - 946). Those days were the most prosperous period of the Imperial family both in name and reality. And in these poems, the pleasure and grave attitude towards the restoration of authority in the Imperial Palace of the authors are expressed. |
小倉百人一首 短歌解説(3) Post No 3 前回の解説(1)(2)は「小倉百人一首」の編纂の様々な側面の内、皇室が名実共に最も繁栄していた時代が背景にあるという、この側面を具体的な歌で解説してきましたが、今回も、その続きをしていこうと思います。これまでの例歌は伝統的作歌法「古今伝授」に基づいた秀歌の概念とぴったりと一致したものばかりであり、天下の実権を掌握した明るく、堂々たる心の姿が伺うことが出来ると述べました。 今回も明るく、堂々たる心の姿が伺うことが出来る歌の中から、古今集に引用されている凡河内躬恒029(859?-925?)、坂上是則031(?-930)、紀友則033(845?-907)、紀貫之035(868?-945)、清原深養父036(?-930-?)等の歌人の歌について解説していきたいと思います。 因みに、古今集(905) は万葉集(759)から約250年も経過して編纂されたものです。また、古今集(905)は、勅撰和歌集の第1集で、醍醐天皇(第60代、在位897-930) の勅命により、紀貫之(868?-945)、紀友則(845?-907)、壬生忠岑(?-907-?)、凡河内躬恒(859?-925?)等が撰者になって編纂されたものです。 029凡河内躬恒(859?-925?)
下記参照: 第三章第 7節 七月(文月)「槿」(あさがお)倒置の例歌 第六章第 9節 九月「菊花薫」(きくのはなかをる) この歌は「折るならばあてずっぽうにでも折ってみようか。しかし、菊が余りに白いので、一面に降りた初霜で菊が何処にあるのか分からないでいる」という意味の歌で、白菊の花と区別がつかないほど、庭一面に白い初霜がおりた朝の印象を詠んだ歌です。 この歌では、白菊の花を「霜」に見立てるという「見立て」の修辞法を用いたものです。しかし、明治時代の歌人・正岡子規(1867-1902)はこの歌に対して、「霜と菊の花の白さを見間違うはずは無いので、これを嘘の趣向」としております。 それでは、この「見立て」の修辞法を用いたものを「古典短歌講座」の第六章第 9節の中から、有名な歌人、藤原俊成(1114-1204)と紀友則(845?-907)が詠んだ歌を引用してみましょう。 藤原俊成(1114-1204) 水鳥の 集く汀の 白菊を うは毛の霜に 紛へつるかな 紀友則(845?-907) 花見つゝ 人待つ時は 白妙の 袖かとのみそ あやまたれける 藤原俊成はこの歌の中では、白菊を「水鳥のうは毛に降りた霜」に見立てているし、さらに、紀友則の歌は「白妙の袖」に見立てているのです。正岡子規の判断によれば、これらも「嘘の趣向」ということになるのでしょう。正岡子規はこのような古今集の趣向を非難したと言われております。 そもそも、旧暦9月9日の重陽の節句には昔、宮中に於いては、「観菊の宴」という菊を愛でる行事が行われ、菊の花が浮かべられた杯で酒が酌み交わされたといいます。そして、長寿を祝い、群臣が歌を詠んだといいます。つまり、菊は現在のようにいつでも見られるものではなく、長月になって、先ず最初に観賞すべき花であったことが伺い知れます。 このように、古典短歌では「古今伝授」という作歌法に基づいて歌を詠んでいきますので、必ずしも現実の実態と同一ではなく、むしろ大きく遊離していることがしばしばです。それではそれを例証するものを一つ取り上げてみましょう。春の季節感を表すものに、「梅に鶯」があります。拙著「古典短歌講座」第四章第1節では次のように述べております。 「古今伝授」といって紀貫之から始まって、藤原俊成・定家で完成し、日本の歌の美意識や美の基準が定着しました。その基準から歌を詠む時の基準も定着したのです。例えば「梅」といえば必ず「鶯」という言葉が来るといった具合です。実際には、スズメやめじろのような小鳥が梅の木に着いている虫を食べに来ている場合の方が多いのに、梅には鶯を添えて歌を詠むことになっています。読者に春の到来を連想させ、心をときめかせるからです。拙著「古典短歌講座」第一章[入門講座I]第1節でご紹介したように、万葉集の中にも柿本人麻呂(660?-720?)が次のように詠んでいます。 梅の花 咲ける岡辺に 家居れば 乏しくもあらず 鶯の声 下記参照: 第三章(〜歌の主題 1〜)[初級講座I] 第7節:文月の歌「槿」(あさがお) 第六章 (〜歌の主題 4〜)[中級講座I] 第9節:長月の歌「菊花薫」(きくのはなかをる) つまり、正岡子規の判断による「嘘の趣向」が、古今集の趣向の全体に対する非難であるならば、正岡子規は紀貫之から始まって、藤原俊成・定家で完成した「日本の歌の美意識や美の基準」が理解出来なかったことになります。 当時、この「古今伝授」の作歌法は公家や皇族のみにしか学ぶことが許されていなかった時代でした。多くの歌人がこの「古今伝授」の作歌法の学習を希求したと言われますが、それが許されませんでした。 「古典短歌講座」の序文で私が前述していますように、「古今伝授」の作歌法は、戦後の昭和55年になって、やっと一般公開となったものです。正岡子規の判断による「嘘の趣向」を、古今集の趣向の全体に対する非難としたのも、背後には、この「古今伝授」の作歌法の学習が出来なかった僻みと捕らえる人もいます。その為に、本来の修辞法が正岡子規のような優秀な歌人にも曲解されたことを考えて、私はその呪縛から開放して戴く為にも、現代歌人・黒路よしひろ氏のご推挙を戴いて、この「古今伝授」の作歌法を詳述した「古典短歌講座」を一般公開することに踏み切ったともいえます。 しかし、この「古今伝授」の作歌法を学習せずに、古今集に見られる「日本の歌の美意識や美の基準」を看破した現代歌人がおります。それは、大岡信氏です。詳しくは、原著に譲りたいと思いますが、彼は著書「言葉の力」という随筆の中で、「古今集の歌の其々の背景には作者の自然に対する畏敬の念や栄光・賛美と言った精神が詠み込まれている」と古今集の歌を高く評価しております。是非、大岡信氏の随筆「言葉の力」をご覧戴きたいと思います。 031坂上是則(?-930)
下記参照: 第五章第12節 十二月「竹雪深」(たけのゆきふかし) 第七章第12節 十二月「山雪」(やまのゆき) この歌は「仄かに夜が明けて来た頃、有明の月の光が映っているのかと思われるほどに、この吉野の里に白い雪が降っているのでした」という意味の歌で、春は桜、冬は雪が美しい吉野ならではの歌です。雪を月の光に見立てる修辞法を使って、ロマン的な清涼感を持たせた伝統和歌の模範的秀歌です。 033紀友則(845?-907)
下記参照: 第一章第 2節 短歌とは何か?(古今集の歌) 第三章第 8節 八月(葉月)「谷紅葉」(たにのもみじ) 第六章第 3節 三月「落花」(おちるはな) この歌は「日の光も長閑な春の日に、なぜ桜の花は穏やかな心もなく散って行くのだろうか」という意味の歌で、この歌の中では、「久方の」という光・雲・空等に掛る修辞法「枕詞」を用いたり、桜を人に見立てるという擬人法を用いて、歌を一層引き立て、作者の花の散って行く寂しさを重ね合わせて表現した歌です。これも伝統和歌の模範的秀歌と言える歌です。 035紀貫之(868?-945) 人はいさ ひとはいさ 心も知らず こころもしらず 故郷は ふるさとは 花ぞ昔の はなぞむかしの 香に匂ひける かににほひける 下記参照: 第一章第 2節 短歌とは何か?(古今集の歌) この歌は「人の心は変わり易く、その心を知ることは出来ないが、故郷に帰ってきて、梅の花だけは忘れずに昔のままに咲き盛っていてくれていた」という意味の歌で、故郷で迎えてくれる人の心は変わってしまって、親切に出迎えることをしてくれなかったけど梅の花だけは私を歓迎してくれていたという人に対する皮肉を交えて詠んだ歌であると言われています。 これとは逆に、菅原道真は、京都から九州の大宰府に左遷されて、故郷を懐かしみ、庭の梅に呼びかけた歌があります。「我が故郷の梅の花よ。春風が吹いてきたら、私がいなくとも、春を忘れずに花を咲かせていておくれ」という意味の次の歌を詠んでおります。 東風吹かば 匂い起せや 梅の花 主なしとて 春な忘れそ いずれも、梅の花を人間と同じような気持で呼びかけた歌です。擬人法という修辞法が読者に深い感銘を与えた例歌であると言えます。 036清原深養父(?-930-?)
この歌は「夏の夜は短くて、まだ宵と思っている内に明けてしまったが、月は雲のどのあたりに宿っているのだろう」という意味の歌で、夏の夜の短さに驚き、惜しむ気持を表現していると同時に、いつまでも眺めていたいという月への思いも篭められています。 以上、第56代の清和天皇(858?876)から、第61代の朱雀天皇(930?946)までの時代の有名歌人の歌をご紹介してみました。まだ、天皇に取って代わろうという下克上の時代に入る前の、天皇が名実共に繁栄していた時代の歌です。いずれも明るい大らかな気分が満ち満ちた歌です。 |
「小倉百人一首入門」(目次) 100 Tanka Poems by 100 Poets Contents |
古典短歌講座(第1版) Classical Tanka composition in English (1) |
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