| [3] Themes for tanka composition(1) (Junior course I) (8) Tanka in August（2000）平成12年(8/29-9/27) “Autumn leaves in the vally” This time, I would like to introduce you to another technique, “Makura-Kotoba” to remind your readers of something that you want to make them think about after they read your tanka. These are the five-sound words to modify the other special words. For example, one of them, “Kusa-makura”or ‘A pillow made of grasses’modifies “the travel”: when one travels on his way, he has sometimes to sleep with a pillow made of grasses. Another of them, “Azusa-yumi”or ‘A bow made of capapla’modifies “Haru”or ‘Spring’:when one uses a bow, he has to stretch it. A Japanese word, “Haru”stands for both Spring and stretch. These words sometimes succeed to remind your readers of something that you want to make them think about. Here, I will show you two tanka composed using this technique. One is by Kino Tomonori(?-907) and the other is by Tadamichi Fujiwara(1097-1164). A word, “Hisakatano”or ‘Eternal’which modifies such words as light, clouds, sky and heaven, is used in the Japanese versions of the following tanka, which appear in the tanka collection, “Hyakunin-Isshu”or ‘100 tanka composed by 100 poets.’ Why in a hurry/ have cherry blossoms fallen on the day in spring/ when the sun shines so brightly with the calm breeze fluttering? by Kino Tomonori(33) When I look forward/ in the distance from the boat, which I am rowing,/ the white waves rise so deeply that I mistake them for clouds. by Tadamichi Fujiwara(76) In Hazuki[August](8/29-9/27), the most suitable theme on which to compose tanka is Tsuki(The moon). The full moon in the middle of autumn has been admired as the most beautiful one since the mist of time in Japan. Furthermore, in the mountains and valleys you can watch the attractive leaves already turned red and yellow so you can choose the themes such as “Autumn leaves in the valley” and “Autumn leaves by the waterfall”. You must never fail to choose such themes as “Autumn blast”, “Autumn blast in the native village”, “Pampas grasses” and “Ominaeshi”or ‘The yellow flowers’. Here, I will show you the following tanka, which are composed by my mentor, Fumiko Reizei, two fellow pupils, Michiko Reizei and Tsuneko Takeichi and myself on the theme, “Autumn leaves in the vally”. 谷深み見る人もなき蔦紅葉松か小袖に帯とかかれる The dale is so deep,/ no one comes to view the tints of autumn ivy/ suspending its sash on pines like wadded silk kimono. by Fumiko Reizei なく鹿の声も寂しき春日山小暗き谷を紅葉染めゆく Kasuga mountain/ where even the cry of the deer has a lonely sound--/ autumn tints begin to dye the faint shadows in the vale. by Michiko Reizei 谷川の橋渡りゆく人影の袂染めなむ千入紅葉葉 Crossing the vally’s/ bridge over the river, one figure whose sleeves must/ now be dyed in the autumn’s richly-tinted foliage. by Tsuneko Takeichi |
奥山の人も通はぬ谷川を訪ねて眺む千入紅葉葉 Deep in the mountains/ where travelers rarely go, a river valley --/ I came to visit and view the richly-dyed autumn tints. by Mutsuo Shukuya 第三章（～歌の主題 1～）[初級講座I] 第8節：葉月の歌「谷紅葉」（たにのもみじ）「枕詞」 今回は読者にある種の連想を呼び起こさせる修辞法の一つである「枕詞」を紹介する。「枕詞」は五音からなる言葉が一定の語の上にかかるものである。草を枕にして旅をするものであることから、「草枕」が「旅」の枕詞になっていたり、梓弓の弓は使う時に張るものであることから、「張る」と同音意義である「春」の枕詞が「梓弓」となっているように、「枕詞」は情緒的に色彩を添えて読者にある種の連想を呼び起こさせることが出来る。しかし、「足引きの」のように現代では故事来歴が分からなくなってしまったものや、「つぎつぎ」の枕詞である「栂の木の」のように、発音から枕詞になったものは読者にある種の連想を呼び起こさせることは出来ないものでも、句調を整えたりすることが出来る。 百人一首の中から「光」や「雲」に掛る「久方の」という枕詞を用いた歌二首を紹介する。一つは、「日の光がのどなか春の日に、落ち着いた心もなく、どうして櫻の花は散るのだろうか」という意味の紀友則の次の歌である。 久方の光のどけき春の日にしづ心なく花の散るらむ もう一つは「海原に舟を漕ぎ出して見渡すと、雲と見分けがつかないような沖の白波であることよ」という意味の藤原忠通の次の歌である。 わたの原こぎいでてみれば久方の雲ゐにまがふ沖つ白波 今回は葉月の歌を詠んで戴く。葉月といえば、まず「月」が主題となる。「仲秋の名月」は古来から最も美しい月として尊ばれてきた。歌題としては「野月」「月為友」「月秋友」「雲間名月」がある。また、山や谷には早くも紅葉が始っている。そこで、「谷紅葉」や「滝辺紅葉」という歌題がある。「野分」「故郷野分」「薄」「女郎花」も秋の歌題として欠かせない。 「谷紅葉」を歌題に歌の師範・冷泉布美子先生、歌の同門・冷泉美智子氏、武市恒子氏と私の歌を例歌としてみた。 Plaza-Plaza Tanka Cornerプラザ歌壇入選者 ①関弘子②小林和歌子③岩崎慶子④桜間恵子 ①入り日さす妙義の山の岩陰に錦織りなす谷の紅葉葉 Behind the huge rocks/ all over the surface of Mount Myogi, on which the setting sun is shining, autumn tints are richly dyed. by Hiroko Seki ②静かなる箱根の山は夕くれて空をも染める千入紅葉葉 In the evening/ at the Mount Hakone vale autumn tints are dyed/ and also the western sky grows with splendor of the sun. by Wakako Kobayashi ③嵐山心に染まる 谷紅葉 今年も今日の 雨に染むらむ Autumn tints in vale/ of Mount Arashiyama, which I visited/ last year, must have just been dyed this year, too through rains today. by Keiko Iwasaki ④山陰に人こそ知らね谷紅葉今日の時雨に色もうつろふ Behind the mountain/ autumn tints in the valley must have just been dyed/ as a shower falls today -- we recognizing or not. by Keiko Ssakurama |
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| 古典短歌講座（第１版） Classical Tanka composition in English (1) |
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