| [VI]Themes for tanka composition(4) (Intermediate course I) (12) Tanka in December（2003）平成15年(12/23-1/21) “The snow which falls on the garden” In this chapter, I will try to discuss how tanka should be composed in Shiwasu [December](12/23-1/21). In Shiwasu, the ponds and streams begin freezing while the air gets so dry that the moon can be seen clearly, shining high in the sky. Furthermore, all the ground becomes covered with snow. In the previous, primer course, I suggested you compose tanka on the themes, "Water begins freezing into ice", "Ice on a stream" and "The snow covering the ground where the bamboos stand". In this intermediate course, I hope you can compose tanka on the themes which are more specific and complicated than before. First I hope you can do it on the quite familiar theme, “The snow which falls on the garden”. Here, I will show you the following tanka, which are composed by former archbishop Jien(1155-1225), monk Jakunen(?-1155-?), Kino Tsurayuki(872?-945) and myself on this theme. There are many tanka about snows in both the Kokin-shu and the Shinkokin-shu. For example, twenty-three out of the twenty-nine tanka, which are all about winter in the Kokin-shu, are composed on this theme, "The snow". On this theme poets often composed tanka about footsteps which would be made by themselves or visitors in the fallen snow and did so by using the technique of metaphor, making comparisons to such things as flowers and moonlight. Here, I will show you a very interesting dialogue tanka between two poets. On the morning of a day when the snow has fallen Fujiwara no Shunzei(1114-1202) composed tanka and sent it to his friend, Fujiwara no Sanesada(1142-1191). So, Sanesada replied to his friend including his cynical message in it: Although I have been/ watching my garden wishing still for you to come,/ only the snowfall remains with no footprints upon it. by Fujiwara no Shunzei The thought that I have/ already visited you seems never to print/ my steps upon your garden where only the snowfall lies. by Fujiwara no Sanesada Tanka by a former archbishop, Jien, reveals the loneliness of the author who couldn't go out through the snow. In tanka by the monk, Jakunen, the author also tries to express his depression by using last word as substantive form. He composed this tanka by using a technique, "Yonkugire": to divide it into two parts between the first four lines and the last one. 庭の雪に我か跡つけて出てつるを訪はれにけりと人や見るらん Footsteps on the snow,/ which I made when I went out, might have been regarded/ as ones by a visitor, as I am always alone. by former archbishop Jien 尋ね来て道分けわふる人もあらし幾重も積もれ庭の白雪 Nobody will be/ worried at all about snows, which fall on my yard,/ seeing that it snows so hard; I hope it piles more and more. by monk Jyakunen 夜ならは月とそみましわか宿の庭白妙に降れる白雪 My garden covered/ with the white snow which falls hard could be regarded/ as a place where the moon shines when I watch it at midnight. by Kino Tsurayuki |
夜もすから 音せて降るや 裏庭の 草も籬も 覆ふ白雪 The white snow must have/ been falling throughout the night without any sound;/ I find hedges and grasses in my yard covered with it. by Mutsuo Shukuya 第六章 （～歌の主題 4～）[中級講座I] 第12節：師走の歌「庭雪」（にはのゆき） 今回は師走の歌を詠んで戴く。師走といえば、まず澤に氷が張り始め、空気も乾燥し、夜空には冴えわたる月が見られる。雪も積もって大地を埋め尽くす。 初級講座では「氷結始」「河氷」「竹雪深」を詠んで戴いたが、中級講座では、雪を中心にして、より制限された雪を詠んで戴く。まず、今回は誰もが身近に体験する「庭雪」を詠んで戴く。「庭雪」を歌題に前大僧正慈円、寂然法師、紀貫之と私の歌を例歌としてみた。 古今和歌集、新古今和歌集ともに雪を詠んだ歌が多い。古今和歌集に至っては、冬の歌が29首ある内、23首が雪を詠んだ歌である。雪を花と見立てて詠むこともあれば、雪の降った庭の足跡を巡って、恋人や親しい友人への来訪を促す問答歌としても詠まれることがある。藤原俊成が雪の降った朝、藤原実定に「今日はひょっとして、君が訪れてくれるかと思って庭を眺めているが、誰の人跡もない庭の雪である」という意味の「今日はもし君もや訪ふと眺むれとまた跡もなき庭の雪かな」という歌を送ると、実定は返歌として俊成に「今初めて聞くことだ。私は雪をかき分けて思いを送っているのに、心は跡を付けないものなのですね」という意味の「今そ聞く心は跡もなかりけり雪かき分けて思ひやれとも」という歌を詠んでいる。 慈円の歌は、「庭の雪に、私の足跡をつけて出かけたのであるのに、誰かに訪ねられたと、人は見ているのだろうか」という意味の歌で、孤独な哀愁の漂う歌である。 寂然の歌は、「私を訪れてきて、道を分け悩む人もないだろう。幾重にも深く積れ。庭の雪よ」という意味の歌で、四句切れ・体言止めの下の句に、哀切な響きがある。 紀貫之と私の歌「私が住んでいる家の庭に積もっている雪を夜見ると、月が照っているかのように見えた」という意味の歌で、「見立て」の修辞法を用いて詠んでいる。 私の歌は「夜通し雪が音もなく降っていたんだろう。朝起きて見てみると、裏庭の草も垣根も白雪ですっかり覆われていた」という意味の歌である。 Plaza-Plaza Tanka Cornerプラザ歌壇入選者 ①上田文②田窪さき子③松岡恒子④宿谷政枝 ①音もなく夜半に積れる白雪の我か小庭辺に朝日輝く The snow, which piled deep/ upon my own dear garden during the last night/ no making the slightest noise, is brilliant in the sunrise. by Aya Ueda ②常盤なる庭の松か枝寿きて共に舞ひ積む豊年の雪 Upon the twigs of/ the imperturbable pine, which stands in my yard,/ the snow has drifted as if it were harvest time. by Sakiko Takubo ③雪積もる朝の庭を訪なふや雀等の声しはし賑はふ Upon my garden,/ on which the snow piled and piled early this morning,/ sparrows chatter together coming in from anywhere. by Tsuneko Matsuoka ④夜もすから音も空しく積るらむ寝覚の床は雪の眩ゆし The snow seems to have/ piled up and up through the night without any noise:/ this morning I'm so dazzled from my own bedrooom window. by Masae Shukuya |
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| 古典短歌講座（第１版） Classical Tanka composition in English (1) |
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