| [IV]Themes for tanka composition(2)(Junior courseⅡ) (12) Tanka in December（2001）平成13年(1/13-2/11) “Ice on a stream” In this chapter, I will try to discuss how tanka should be composed in Shiwasu[December](1/13-2/11). The most suitable theme on which to compose tanka this month is "Koori" or ‘Ice': the ponds and streams begin freezing in Shiwasu. So, tanka on the themes, "Water begins freezing into ice", "Ice on a stream", "Ice in a waterfall", "Ice on a pond", "Ice on a lake" and so on have been composed in Shiwasu from the mist of time. Last year I asked you to compose tanka on the theme, "Water begins freezing into ice". This time, I hope you can compose tanka on the theme, “Ice on a stream”. So, I will show you the following tanka, which are composed by Yoshitsune Fujiwara(1169-1206), Princess Shokushi(?-1201), Arihito Minamoto(1102-1147 ) and myself on the same theme. In the tanka composed on the theme, "Ice on a stream", the names of famous streams or rivers are often used. In the following tanka by Yoshitsune Fujiwara, the name of the Kiyotaki River, which really runs along the foot of Mt. Atago located around the North-West area of Kyoto city, is used. Furthermore, this river is one of branches of the Owigawa River. And in this tanka a technique of tanka composition, Kakekotoba, a word which holds two different meanings at once though it sounds the same when we read it, is used: Minakamiya/ Taedae kohoru iwama yori/ Kiyotaki gawani nokoru shiranami "Ki" in the word, "Kiyotaki-gawa" also means "leak". Yoshitsune Fujiwara composed the following tanka about the Owigawa River as well as the Kiyotaki River: The sounds of running/ of water in the shallows has completely ceased:/ on the Owigawa stream even winds freeze into ice. by Yoshitsune Fujiwara In the tanka by Princess Shokushi, not only the word, winter itself but also the word, a wild duck, which is one of the winter birds, is used so that this tanka especially conveys the image of winter to the readers. It is very hard to stand the severe cold weather of winter as well as the severe hot weather of summer. But as a traditional poetry custom, poets have never composed tanka to complain of their pain or hardship but to express the pleasure which they experience even in this hard situation: they expressed the pleasure of coolness in summer despite hot weather, and warmness in winter. I hope you can compose tanka to express your pleasure as the poets did in the past, as I mentioned before. 水上や絶え絶え凍る岩間より清滝川に残る白波 On the upper stream/ water must freeze into ice, now that only white/ bubbles leaking from rock breaks run in the Kiyotaki. by Yoshitsune Fujiwara 見るままに冬は来にけり鴨のゐる入江の汀薄凍りつつ Winter has just come:/ along the watersides of a river inlet,/ where wild ducks stay together, water freezes into ice. by Princess Shokushi |
谷川の 淀みに結ふ 氷こそ 見る人もなき 鏡なりけり Stagnating waters/ flowing through the vale, which freeze into ice, look like/ the mirror that no one had any chance to look into. by Naidaijin 風誘ふ月も冴えたる夕へには川面の水も氷ゐぬめり Water on the stream/ must have frozen into ice, now that the clear moon/ rises and evening has come with colder winds fluttering. by Mutsuo Shukuya 第四章（～歌の主題 2～）[初級講座Ⅱ] 第12節：師走の歌「河氷」（かはのこおり） 今回は師走の歌を詠んで戴く。師走といえば、まず澤に氷が張り始める。そこで歌題として「氷始結」「河氷」がある。水も凍れば空気も乾燥し、夜空には冴えわたる月が見られる。そこで「寒月」「冬月冴」を歌題にして歌が詠まれる。雪も積もって大地を埋め尽くす。そこで歌題に「竹雪深」「遠村雪」がある。越冬の水鳥も雪や氷の張ってる水辺に見受けられる。そこで、歌題に「河水鳥」「河辺都鳥」がある。そして、年の明けない内にも、梅が咲き始めて春の到来を告げることさえある。そこで、歌題に「早梅」「梅花告春」がある。 昨年は「氷結始」であったが、今年は「河氷」を詠んで戴く。「河氷」を歌題に、藤原良経、式子内親王、源有仁と私の歌を例歌としてみた。 氷は水の存在する所には何処にでも張りつめる。そこで、歌題として、「河氷」の他に、「滝氷」「池氷」「湖氷」が詠まれる。「河氷」の歌題では実際の河の名前を詠みこむこともしばしばである。例歌の藤原良経の歌には清滝川が詠みこまれている。この川は京都市北西部、愛宕山の東麓を流れている川で、大井川の支流にあたる。さらに、この歌には「掛詞」の修辞法が用いられている。「清滝川」の「き」と「岩間より来」の「き」がそれである。 良経は本流の大井川についても「大井川瀬々の岩波音絶えてゐ関の水に風凍るなり」という歌を詠んでいる。 式子内親王の歌は「見ている間に冬がやってきてしまった。鴨の居る入江の汀が薄く凍りつつある」という意味の歌である。冬という言葉も入れているが、鴨は冬の水鳥の一種であるので、一層に冬の情景を読者に印象づけている。 前回も言及したように、伝統的な和歌の原則は辛さ苦しさを詠むものではない。そこで、夏の暑いの時は「涼」を詠み、冬の寒い時には「暖」を詠むことをよしとしてきた。例歌には「寒い」という言葉も用いずに冬の荒涼とした中にも、その美しさを詠みこんでいる。 Plaza-Plaza Tanka Corner プラザ歌壇入選者 ①小林和歌子②関弘子③高山薫④山本綾子 ①寒空に 冴え冴え渡る 月影の 写る川面に 結ふ薄氷 Upon the surface/ of the stream, in which the moon up in the clear sky/ is mirrored, water has just been frozen over tonight. by Wakako Kobayashi ②山おろし 吹く谷川の 辺にも わくらは閉して 結ふ薄氷 Along the shore of/ the river, on which winds blow hard from the mountains,/ water has just now frozen over trapping fallen leaves. by Hiroko Seki ③鴨憩ひ小波寄する利根川の岸辺も今朝は氷いぬめり Along the shore of/ the Tone river, on which wild ducks take a rest/ and ripples go up and down, ice has just started to form. by Kaoru Takayama ④明けぬれは吹く山風に谷川の辺を染むる薄氷の影 The shore of the stream/ is already covered with the first thin white ice,/ which comes out in the cold wind, the instant that the day breaks. by Ayako Yamamoto |
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| 古典短歌講座（第１版） Classical Tanka composition in English (1) |
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